8. Appendices
8.1. Web Development Tools
Here we indicate where to find and how to install the tools necessary for web development. Some tools have seen their versions evolve, and it is possible that the explanations provided here may no longer apply to the most recent versions. The reader will then need to adapt... In the web programming course, we will primarily use the following tools, all available for free:
- a recent browser capable of displaying XML. The examples in the course have been tested with Internet Explorer 6.
- A recent JDK (Java Development Kit). The examples in this course have been tested with JDK 1.4. This JDK includes the Java 1.4 browser plug-in, which allows browsers to display Java applets using JDK 1.4.
- A Java development environment for writing Java servlets. Here, it is JBuilder 7.
- Web servers: Apache, PWS (Personal Web Server), Tomcat.
- Apache will be used for developing web applications in PERL (Practical Extracting and Reporting Language) or PHP (Personal Home Page)
- PWS will be used for developing web applications in ASP (Active Server Pages) or PHP
- Tomcat will be used for developing web applications using Java servlets or JSP (Java Server Pages)
- A database management application: MySQL
- EasyPHP: a tool that bundles the Apache web server, the PHP language, and the MySQL DBMS
8.1.1. Web Servers, Browsers, Scripting Languages
- Major Web Servers
- Apache (Linux, Windows)
- Internet Information Server (IIS) (NT), Personal Web Server (PWS) (Windows 9x)
- Major browsers
- Internet Explorer (Windows)
- Netscape (Linux, Windows)
- Server-side scripting languages
- VBScript (IIS, PWS)
- JavaScript (IIS, PWS)
- Perl (Apache, IIS, PWS)
- PHP (Apache, IIS, PWS)
- Java (Apache, Tomcat)
- .NET languages
- Browser-side scripting languages
- VBScript (IE)
- JavaScript (IE, Netscape)
- PerlScript (IE)
- Java (IE, Netscape)
8.1.2. Where to find the tools
http://www.netscape.com/ (downloads link) | |
http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie/default.asp | |
http://www.php.net http://www.php.net/downloads.php (Windows Binaries) | |
http://www.activestate.com http://www.activestate.com/Products/ http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/ | |
http://msdn.microsoft.com/scripting (follow the Windows Script link) | |
http://java.sun.com/ http://java.sun.com/downloads.html (JSE) http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/download.html | |
http://www.apache.org/ http://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/binaries/win32/ | |
included in the NT 4.0 Option Pack for Windows 95 included on the Windows 98 CD http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/nts/downloads/recommended/NT4OptPk/win95.asp | |
http://www.microsoft.com | |
http://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/ | |
http://www.borland.com/jbuilder/ http://www.borland.com/products/downloads/download_jbuilder.html | |
http://www.easyphp.org/ http://www.easyphp.org/telechargements.php3 |
8.1.3. EasyPHP
This application is very convenient because it includes the following in a single package:
- the Apache Web server (1.3.x)
- the PHP language (4.x)
- the MySQL DBMS (3.23.x)
- a MySQL administration tool: PhpMyAdmin
The installation application looks like this:
Installing EasyPHP is straightforward, and a directory structure is created in the file system:
the application executable | |
the Apache server directory structure | |
the MySQL database directory | |
the phpMyAdmin application directory structure | |
the PHP directory structure | |
root of the directory tree for web pages served by the EasyPHP Apache server | |
directory where you can place CGI scripts for the Apache server |
The main advantage of EasyPHP is that the application comes preconfigured. Thus, Apache, PHP, and MySQL are already configured to work together. When you launch EasyPHP via its shortcut in the Programs menu, an icon appears in the bottom-right corner of the screen.
 |  |
This is the letter E with a red dot, which should flash if the Apache web server and the MySQL database are operational. When you right-click on it, you access the menu options:
The Administration option allows you to configure settings and perform functionality tests:
8.1.3.1. PHP Administration
The PHP Info button should allow you to verify that the Apache-PHP combination is working properly: a PHP information page should appear:
The Extensions button displays a list of installed PHP extensions. These are actually function libraries.
The screen above shows, for example, that the functions required to use the MySQL database are present.
The Settings button displays the username and password for the MySQL database administrator.
Using the MySQL database is beyond the scope of this quick overview, but it is clear here that a password should be set for the database administrator.
8.1.3.2. Apache Administration
Still on the EasyPHP administration page, the "Your Aliases" link allows you to define aliases associated with a directory. This allows you to place web pages outside the www directory in the EasyPHP directory tree.
If, on the page above, you enter the following information:
and click the "Validate" button, the following lines are added to the <easyphp>\apache\conf\httpd.conf file:
Alias /st/ "e:/data/serge/web/"
<Directory "e:/data/serge/web">
Options FollowSymLinks Indexes
AllowOverride None
Order deny,allow
allow from 127.0.0.1
deny from all
</Directory>
<easyphp> refers to the EasyPHP installation directory. httpd.conf is the Apache server configuration file. You can therefore achieve the same result by editing this file directly. Changes to the httpd.conf file are normally applied immediately by Apache. If this is not the case, you will need to stop and restart the server, using the EasyPHP icon:
To complete our example, we can now place web pages in the directory tree e:\data\serge\web:
and request this page using the alias st:
In this example, the Apache server has been configured to run on port 81. Its default port is 80. This is controlled by the following line in the httpd.conf file we’ve already seen:
8.1.3.3. The Apache configuration file htpd.conf
When you want to fine-tune Apache, you have to manually edit its httpd.conf configuration file, located here in the <easyphp>\apache\conf folder:
Here are a few key points to note in this configuration file:
role | |
specifies the folder containing the Apache directory structure | |
specifies which port the web server will use. Typically, this is 80. By changing this line, you can have the web server run on a different port | |
the email address of the Apache server administrator | |
the name of the machine on which the Apache server is running | |
the installation directory of the Apache server. When relative file names appear in the configuration file, they are relative to this directory. | |
the root directory of the tree of web pages served by the server. Here, the URL http://machine/rep1/fic1.html will correspond to the file E:\Program Files\EasyPHP\www\rep1\fic1.html | |
sets the properties of the previous folder | |
logs folder, so effectively <ServerRoot>\logs\error.log: E:\Program Files\EasyPHP\apache\logs\error.log. This is the file to check if you notice that the Apache server is not working. | |
E:\Program Files\EasyPHP\cgi-bin will be the root of the directory tree where you can place CGI scripts. Thus, the URL http://machine/cgi-bin/rep1/script1.pl will be the URL for the CGI script E:\Program Files\EasyPHP\cgi-bin\rep1\script1.pl. | |
sets the properties of the folder above | |
Lines for loading the modules that allow Apache to work with PHP4. | |
sets the file extensions to be treated as PHP files |
8.1.3.4. MySQL Administration with PhpMyAdmin
On the EasyPHP administration page, click the PhpMyAdmin button:
The drop-down list under Home displays the current databases. |  |
The number in parentheses is the number of tables. If you select a database, its tables are displayed: |  |
The web page offers a number of operations on the database:
If you click the View User link:
There is only one user here: root, who is the MySQL administrator. By following the Edit link, you could change their password, which is currently blank—a practice not recommended for an administrator.
We won’t say any more about phpMyAdmin, which is a feature-rich program that would merit a discussion spanning several pages.
8.1.4. PHP
We have seen how to obtain PHP through the EasyPHP application. To obtain PHP directly, go to the website http://www.php.net.
PHP isn’t limited to web use. You can use it as a scripting language on Windows. Create the following script and save it as date.php:
In a DOS window, navigate to the directory containing date.php and run it:
E:\data\serge\php\essais>"e:\program files\easyphp\php\php.exe" date.php
X-Powered-By: PHP/4.2.0
Content-type: text/html
Today is 07/18/02, 09:31:01
8.1.5. PERL
It is best if Internet Explorer is already installed. If it is present, Active Perl will configure it to accept PERL scripts in HTML pages, scripts that will be executed by IE itself on the client side. The Active Perl website is at the URL http://www.activestate.comA installation, PERL will be installed in a directory we will call <perl>. It contains the following directory structure:
DEISL1 ISU 32 403 06/23/00 17:16 DeIsL1.isu
BIN <REP> 06/23/00 5:15 PM bin
LIB <REP> 06/23/00 5:15 PM lib
HTML <REP> 06/23/00 5:15 PM html
EG <REP> 06/23/00 5:15 PM eg
SITE <REP> 06/23/00 5:15 PM site
HTMLHELP <REP> 06/28/00 6:37 PM htmlhelp
The executable perl.exe is located in <perl>\bin. Perl is a scripting language that runs on Windows and Unix. It is also used in web programming. Let’s write our first script:
# PERL script displaying the time
# modules
use strict;
# program
my ($seconds, $minutes, $hour) = localtime(time);
print "It is $hour:$minutes:$seconds\n";
Save this script to a file named heure.pl. Open a DOS window, navigate to the directory containing the script, and run it:
E:\data\serge\Perl\Essais>e:\perl\bin\perl.exe heure.pl
It is 9:34:21
8.1.6. VBScript, JavaScript, PerlScript
These are scripting languages for Windows. They can run in various environments such as
- Windows Scripting Host for direct use in Windows, particularly for writing system administration scripts
- Internet Explorer. It is then used within HTML pages, to which it adds a level of interactivity that cannot be achieved with HTML alone.
- Internet Information Server (IIS), Microsoft’s web server on NT/2000, and its equivalent, Personal Web Server (PWS), on Win9x. In this case, VBScript is used for server-side web programming, a technology called ASP (Active Server Pages) by Microsoft.
Download the installation file from the URL: http://msdn.microsoft.com/scripting and follow the Windows Script links. The following are installed:
- the Windows Scripting Host container, which supports various scripting languages such as VBScript and JavaScript, as well as others like PerlScript, which is included with Active Perl.
- a VBScript interpreter
- a JavaScript interpreter
Let’s run a few quick tests. Let’s build the following VBScript program:
' a class
class person
Dim name
Dim age
End class
' Create a Person object
Set p1 = New Person
With p1
.name="dupont"
.age = 18
End With
' Display properties of person p1
With p1
wscript.echo "name=" & .name
wscript.echo "age=" & .age
End With
This program uses objects. Let's call it objects.vbs (the .vbs extension indicates a VBScript file). Navigate to the directory where it is located and run it:
E:\data\serge\windowsScripting\vbscript\poly\objects>cscript objects.vbs
Microsoft (R) Windows Script Host Version 5.6
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 1996-2001. All rights reserved.
name=dupont
age=18
Now let's build the following JavaScript program that uses arrays:
// array in a variant
// empty array
array = new Array();
display(array);
// array grows dynamically
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
array.push(i*10);
}
// display array
display(array);
// again
for(i=3;i<6;i++){
array.push(i*10);
}
display(array);
// multi-dimensional arrays
WScript.echo("-----------------------------");
array2 = new Array();
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
array2.push(new Array());
for(j=0;j<4;j++){
array2[i].push(i*10+j);
}//for j
}// for i
display2(array2);
// end
WScript.quit(0);
// ---------------------------------------------------------
function display(array){
// display array
for(i=0;i<array.length;i++){
WScript.echo("array[" + i + "]=" + array[i]);
}//for
}//function
// ---------------------------------------------------------
function display2(array){
// display array
for(i=0;i<array.length;i++){
for(j=0;j<array[i].length;j++){
WScript.echo("array[" + i + "," + j + "]=" + array[i][j]);
}// for j
}//for i
}//function
This program uses arrays. Let's call it arrays.js (the .js suffix indicates a JavaScript file). Navigate to the directory where it is located and run it:
E:\data\serge\windowsScripting\javascript\poly\tableaux>cscript tableaux.js
Microsoft (R) Windows Script Host Version 5.6
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 1996-2001. All rights reserved.
tableau[0]=0
tableau[1]=10
array[2]=20
array[0] = 0
array[1]=10
array[2] = 20
array[3] = 30
array[4] = 40
array[5] = 50
-----------------------------
array[0,0] = 0
array[0,1] = 1
array[0,2] = 2
array[0,3] = 3
array[1,0] = 10
array[1,1] = 11
array[1,2] = 12
array[1,3] = 13
array[2,0] = 20
array[2,1] = 21
array[2,2] = 22
array[2,3] = 23
One last example in PerlScript to finish up. You must have Active Perl installed to access PerlScript.
<job id="PERL1">
<script language="PerlScript">
# Classic Perl
%dico=("maurice"=>"juliette","philippe"=>"marianne");
@keys = keys %dico;
for ($i=0;$i<=$#keys;$i++){
$key=$keys[$i];
$value = $dico{$key};
$WScript->echo ("key=".$key.", value=".$value);
}
# Perl script using Windows Script objects
$dico = $WScript->CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary");
$dico->add("maurice", "juliette");
$dico->add("philippe", "marianne");
$WScript->echo($dico->item("maurice"));
$WScript->echo($dico->item("philippe"));
</script>
</job>
This program demonstrates how to create and use two dictionaries: one in the classic Perl style, and the other using the Windows Script Scripting Dictionary object. Let's save this code to the file dico.wsf (wsf is the file extension for Windows Script files). Navigate to the program's folder and run it:
E:\data\serge\windowsScripting\perlscript\essais>cscript dico.wsf
Microsoft (R) Windows Script Host Version 5.6
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 1996-2001. All rights reserved.
key=philippe, value=marianne
key=maurice, value=juliette
juliette
marianne
PerlScript can use objects from the container in which it runs. Here, these were objects from the Windows Script container. In the context of web programming, VBScript, JavaScript, and PerlScript scripts can be executed either within the IE browser or on a PWS or IIS server. If the script is somewhat complex, it may be wise to test it outside the web context, within the Windows Script container as seen previously. This way, you can only test the script’s functions that do not use browser- or server-specific objects. Even with this restriction, this option remains useful because it is generally quite impractical to debug scripts running within web servers or browsers.
8.1.7. JAVA
Java is available at the URL: http://www.sun.com (see the beginning of this document) and is installed in a directory structure called <java> that contains the following elements:
05/22/2002 05:51 <DIR> .
05/22/2002 05:51 <DIR> ..
05/22/2002 05:51 <DIR> bin
05/22/2002 05:51 <DIR> jre
02/07/2002 12:52 8,277 README.txt
02/07/2002 12:52 13,853 LICENSE
02/07/2002 12:52 4,516 COPYRIGHT
02/07/2002 12:52 15,290 readme.html
05/22/2002 05:51 <DIR> lib
05/22/2002 05:51 <DIR> include
05/22/2002 05:51 <DIR> demo
02/07/2002 12:52 10,377,848 src.zip
02/11/2002 12:55 <DIR> docs
In the bin directory, you will find javac.exe, the Java compiler, and java.exe, the Java Virtual Machine. You can perform the following tests:
- Write the following script:
//Java program displaying the time
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class time{
public static void main(String arg[]){
// Get the date and time
Date now = new Date();
// display
System.out.println("It is " + now.getHours() +
":" + now.getMinutes() + ":" + now.getSeconds());
}//main
}//class
- Save this program as heure.java. Open a DOS window. Navigate to the directory containing the heure.java file and compile it:
D:\data\java\essais>c:\jdk1.3\bin\javac heure.java
Note: heure.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
Note: Recompile with -deprecation for details.
In the command above, c:\jdk1.3\bin\javac must be replaced with the exact path to the javac.exe compiler. You should now have a file named heure.class in the same directory as heure.java; this is the program that will now be executed by the java.exe virtual machine.
- Run the program:
8.1.8. Apache Server
We have seen that the Apache server can be obtained with the EasyPHP application. To get it directly, go to the Apache website: http://www.apache.org. The installation creates a directory structure containing all the files necessary for the server. Let’s call this directory <apache>. It contains a directory structure similar to the following:
UNINST ISU 118 805 06/23/00 5:09 PM Uninst.isu
HTDOCS <REP> 06/23/00 17:09 htdocs
APACHE~1 DLL 299,008 02/25/00 21:11 ApacheCore.dll
ANNOUN~1 3,000 02/23/00 16:51 Announcement
ABOUT_~1 13,197 03/31/99 18:42 ABOUT_APACHE
APACHE EXE 20,480 02/25/00 21:04 Apache.exe
KEYS 36,437 08/20/99 11:57 KEYS
LICENSE 2,907 01/01/99 13:04 LICENSE
MAKEFI~1 TMP 27,370 01/11/00 1:47 PM Makefile.tmpl
README 2,109 04/01/98 6:59 README
README NT 3,223 03/19/99 9:55 README.NT
WARNIN~1 TXT 339 09/21/98 1:09 PM WARNING-NT.TXT
BIN <REP> 06/23/00 17:09 bin
MODULES <REP> 06/23/00 5:09 PM modules
ICONS <REP> 06/23/00 5:09 PM icons
LOGS <REP> 06/23/00 5:09 PM logs
CONF <REP> 06/23/00 5:09 PM conf
CGI-BIN <REP> 06/23/00 17:09 cgi-bin
PROXY <REP> 06/23/00 5:09 PM proxy
INSTALL LOG 3,779 06/23/00 5:09 PM install.log
Apache configuration files directory | |
Apache log files directory (monitoring) | |
Apache executables |
8.1.8.1. Configuration
In the <Apache>\conf directory, you will find the following files: httpd.conf, srm.conf, access.conf. In the latest versions of Apache, these three files have been combined into httpd.conf. We have already covered the key points of this configuration file. In the following examples, the Apache version of EasyPHP was used for testing, and therefore its configuration file. In this file, DocumentRoot, which designates the root of the web page directory tree, is e:\program files\easyphp\www.
8.1.8.2. PHP - Apache Link
To test, create the file intro.php with the following single line:
<? phpinfo() ?>
and place it at the root of the Apache server’s web pages (DocumentRoot above). Request the URL http://localhost/intro.php. You should see a list of PHP information:
The following PHP script displays the time. We’ve seen it before:
<?
// time: number of milliseconds since 01/01/1970
// "date-time display format
// d: day (2 digits)
// m: 2-digit month
// y: 2-digit year
// H: hour 0,23
// i: minutes
// s: seconds
print "Today is " . date("d/m/y H:i:s",time());
?>
Place this text file in the root directory of the Apache server (DocumentRoot) and name it date.php. Open a browser and enter the URL http://localhost/date.php. You will see the following page:
8.1.8.3. PERL-APACHE Link
This is achieved using a line of the form: ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "E:/Program Files/EasyPHP/cgi-bin/" in the file <apache>\conf\httpd.conf. Its syntax is ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "<cgi-bin>" where <cgi-bin> is the folder where CGI scripts can be placed. CGI (Common Gateway Interface) is a standard for communication between the web server and applications. A client requests a dynamic page from the web server, i.e., a page generated by a program. The web server must therefore instruct a program to generate the page. CGI defines the interaction between the server and the program, specifically how information is transmitted between these two entities.
If necessary, modify the line ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "<cgi-bin>" and restart the Apache server. Then perform the following test:
- Write the script:
#!c:\perl\bin\perl.exe
# PERL script displaying the time
# modules
use strict;
# program
my ($seconds, $minutes, $hour) = localtime(time);
print <<FINHTML
Content-Type: text/html
<html>
<head>
<title>time</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>It is $hour:$minutes:$seconds</h1>
</body>
ENDHTML
;
- Place this script in <cgi-bin>\heure.pl, where <cgi-bin> is the directory that can receive CGI scripts (see httpd.conf). The first line #!c:\perl\bin\perl.exe specifies the path to the perl.exe executable. Modify it if necessary.
- Start Apache if you haven't already
- Request the URL http://localhost/cgi-bin/heure.pl in a browser. You will see the following page:
8.1.9. The PWS server
8.1.9.1. Installation
The PWS (Personal Web Server) is a personal version of Microsoft's IIS (Internet Information Server). IIS is available on NT and 2000 machines. On Win9x machines, PWS is normally included in the Internet Explorer installation package. However, it is not installed by default. You must perform a custom installation of IE and request the installation of PWS. It is also available in the NT 4.0 Option Pack for Windows 95.
8.1.9.2. Initial Tests
The root directory for PWS web pages is drive:\inetpub\wwwroot, where drive is the disk on which you installed PWS. We will assume hereafter that this drive is D. Thus, the URL http://machine/rep1/page1.html corresponds to the file d:\inetpub\wwwroot\rep1\page1.html. The PWS server interprets any file with the .asp (Active Server Pages) extension as a script that it must execute to generate an HTML page.
PWS runs on port 80 by default. The Apache web server does too... You must therefore stop Apache to work with PWS if you have both servers. The other solution is to configure Apache to run on a different port. In the Apache configuration file httpd.conf, replace the line Port 80</mark> with Port 81</mark>. Apache will now run on port 81 and can be used simultaneously with PWS. If PWS is running and you request the URL http://localhost, you will see a page similar to the following:
8.1.9.3. PHP - PWS Link
- Below is a .reg file for modifying the registry. Double-click this file to modify the registry. Here, the required DLL is located in d:\php4 along with the PHP executable. Modify as needed. The backslashes (\) must be doubled in the DLL path.
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\w3svc\parameters\Script Map]
".php"="d:\\php4\\php4isapi.dll"
- Restart the machine so that the registry change takes effect.
- Create a "php" folder in d:\inetpub\wwwroot, which is the root of the PWS server. Once done, open PWS and go to the "Advanced" tab. Click the "Add" button to create a virtual directory:
Directory/Browse: d:\inetpub\wwwroot\php
Alias: php
Check the "Run" box.
- Confirm the settings and restart PWS. Place the file intro.php in d:\inetpub\wwwroot\php, containing only the following line:
<? phpinfo() ?>
- Request the URL http://localhost/php/intro.php from the PWS server. You should see the list of PHP information already displayed with Apache.
8.1.10. Tomcat: Java servlets and JSP (Java Server Pages)
Tomcat is a web server that generates HTML pages using servlets (Java programs executed by the web server) or JSP (Java Server Pages), which combine Java code with HTML code. It is the equivalent of ASP (Active Server Pages) on Microsoft’s IIS/PWS server, where VBScript or JavaScript code is combined with HTML code.
8.1.10.1. Installation
Tomcat is available at the URL: http://jakarta.apache.org. You’ll download an .exe installation file. When you run this program, it first prompts you to select which JDK it will use. This is because Tomcat requires a JDK to install itself and then to compile and execute Java servlets. You must therefore have a Java JDK installed before installing Tomcat. The most recent JDK is recommended. The installation will create a <tomcat> directory structure:
simply involves extracting this archive into a directory. Choose a directory whose path contains only names without spaces (not, for example, "Program Files"), because there is a bug in the Tomcat installation process. Use, for example, C:\tomcat or D:\tomcat. Let’s call this directory <tomcat>. Inside, you will find a folder named jakarta-tomcat, which contains the following directory structure:
LOGS <REP> 11/15/00 9:04 logs
LICENSE 2,876 04/18/00 3:56 PM LICENSE
CONF <REP> 11/15/00 8:53 conf
DOC <REP> 11/15/00 8:53 doc
LIB <REP> 11/15/00 8:53 lib
SRC <REP> 11/15/00 8:53 src
WEBAPPS <REP> 11/15/00 8:53 webapps
BIN <REP> 11/15/00 8:53 bin
WORK <REP> 11/15/00 9:04 work
8.1.10.2. Starting/Stopping the Tomcat Web Server
Tomcat is a web server, just like Apache or PWS. To launch it, use the links in the Programs menu:
to start Tomcat | |
to stop it |
When you start Tomcat, a DOS window appears with the following content:
You can minimize this DOS window. It will remain open as long as Tomcat is running. You can then proceed to the first tests. The Tomcat web server runs on port 8080. Once Tomcat is running, open a web browser and enter the URL http://localhost:8080. You should see the following page:
Follow the Servlet Examples link:
Click the Execute link for RequestParameters, then the one for Source. You’ll get a first glimpse of what a Java servlet is. You can do the same with the links on the JSP pages.
To stop Tomcat, use the Stop Tomcat link in the Programs menu.
8.1.11. JBuilder
JBuilder is a Java application development environment. To build Java servlets without graphical interfaces, such an environment is not strictly necessary. A text editor and a JDK will suffice. However, JBuilder offers a few advantages over the previous method:
- ease of debugging: the compiler highlights erroneous lines in a program, and it is easy to navigate to them
- code completion: when using a Java object, JBuilder displays a list of its properties and methods inline. This is very useful, given that most Java objects have numerous properties and methods that are difficult to remember.
JBuilder can be found at http://www.borland.com/jbuilder. You must fill out a form to obtain the software. An activation key is sent via email. To install JBuilder 7, for example, the following steps were taken:
- Three ZIP files were downloaded: one for the application, one for the documentation, and one for the examples. Each of these ZIP files has a separate link on the JBuilder website.
- First, the application was installed, then the documentation, and finally the examples
- When you launch the application for the first time, an activation key is requested: this is the one that was sent to you via email. In version 7, this key is actually an entire text file that can be placed, for example, in the JB7 installation folder. When the key is requested, you then specify the file in question. Once this is done, the key will not be requested again.
There are a few useful configurations to set up if you want to use JBuilder to build Java servlets. The so-called "Personal" version of JBuilder is a stripped-down version that does not include all the classes necessary for Java web development. You can configure JBuilder to use the class libraries provided by Tomcat. Here’s how:
- Launch JBuilder
- enable the Tools/Configure JDKs option
In the JDK Settings section above, the Name field normally displays JDK 1.3.1. If you have a newer JDK, use the Change button to specify its installation directory. Above, we have specified the directory E:\Program Files\jdk14 where a JDK 1.4 was installed. From now on, JBuilder will use this JDK for its compilations and executions. In the (Class, Source, Documentation) section, you’ll see a list of all the class libraries that JBuilder will scan—in this case, the classes from JDK 1.4. The classes included in this JDK are not sufficient for Java web development. To add additional class libraries, use the Add button and select the extra .jar files you want to use. .jar files are class libraries. Tomcat 4.x includes all the class libraries necessary for web development. They are located in <tomcat>\common\lib, where <tomcat> is the Tomcat installation directory:
Using the Add button, we will add these libraries, one by one, to the list of libraries scanned by JBuilder:
From now on, you can compile Java programs compliant with the J2EE standard, including Java servlets. JBuilder is used only for compilation; execution is subsequently handled by Tomcat according to the procedures explained in the course.